Qualestoria 1/2020 - Dopo la Grande guerra Violenza, Stati e società tra Adriatico orientale e Balcani
a cura di Alberto Basciani
Qualestoria, n. 1, giugno 2020, anno XLVIII
SOMMARIO - CONTENTS
Dopo la Grande guerra. Violenza, Stati e società tra Adriatico orientale e Balcani
After the Great War. Violence, States and Societies between Eastern Adriatic and the Balkans
a cura di Alberto Basciani
Alberto Basciani, Introduzione
Studi e ricerche - Studies and researches
Giulia Albanese La brutalizzazione della politica: una categoria storiografica in crisi? - The Brutalization of Politics: a Historiographical Category in Crisis?
Stefano Petrungaro La Jugoslavia postbellica: una moderna storia di conflitto e controllo sociale - Post-War Yugoslavia: a Modern History ofSocial Conflict and Control
Stefano Santoro La Romania e le annessioni di Transilvania e Bessarabia nel primo dopoguerra - Romania and the Annexations of Transylvania and Bessarabia in the First Post-War Period
Daniel Cain An Unforgettable Autumn: Bulgaria and its Withdrawal from the First World War
Fabio Bego Violence and State-Building After the Great War: Italian, Yugoslav and Endemic Challenges to Albanian Projections
Documenti e problemi - Records and issues
Giulia Iannuzzi Il collezionista di guerre future. Un percorso nelle collezioni di Diego de Henriquez presso i Civici musei di Trieste - The Collector and the Wars to come. Exploring Diego de Henriquez’s Collections at the Museums of the City of Trieste
Aurelio Slataper Cefalonia: una storia non condivisa - Cephalonia: a non-shared History
Le culture politiche dell’Alto Adriatico nella prima metà del Novecento
Atti del seminario (Trieste, 18-19 dicembre 2019)
Raoul Pupo, Introduzione
Andrea Dessardo Il popolarismo cattolico di lingua italiana
Egon Pelikan Fonti e bibliografia per la storia del movimento cattolico sloveno in Venezia Giulia tra le due guerre
Luca G. Manenti La storiografia sul partito liberal-nazionale di Trieste. Percorsi, bilanci, riletture
Štefan Čok I liberali sloveni
Ivan Jeličić La parabola del socialismo adriatico
Fabio Todero Repubblicani e azionisti. Spigolature, problemi e prospettive di ricerca
Ravel Kodrič L’Alto Adriatico: un’interfaccia di falde storiografiche? Alla ricognizione di osmosi ed impermeabilità
Messa a fuoco: la parola agli storici - Focus: historians speaking
Il volontarismo, Intervengono Alessandro Bonvini, Fabio Todero, Enrico Acciai
Note critiche - Reviews
Anna Di Gianantonio Italico Chiarion, Comunista a Gorizia. Mezzo secolo nelle file del PCI, a c. di Marzio Lamberti, Salvatore Simoncini, Manià, Monfalcone 2019
Luca Zorzenon Mario Isnenghi, Bellum in terris. Andare, mandare, essere in guerra, Salerno, Roma 2019
Anna Di Gianantonio Patrick Karlsen, Vittorio Vidali. Vita di uno stalinista (1916-56), il Mulino, Bologna 2019
Silva Bon Fabiana Licciardi, Theater-Kino-Varieté nella Prima guerra mondiale. L’industria dell’intrattenimento in una città al fronte: Trieste 1914-1918, Eut, Trieste 2019
Gloria Nemec Enrico Miletto, Gli italiani di Tito. La Zona B del Territorio libero di Trieste e l’emigrazione comunista in Jugoslavia, Rubbettino,
Soveria Mannelli 2019
Alessandro Mella Aldo A. Mola, Giolitti. Il senso dello Stato, Rusconi, Santarcangelo di Romagna 2019
Alessandra Rea Titti Petracco, Appunti di vita universitaria. Diario di una studentessa triestina a Ca’ Foscari. Venezia 1936-41, a c. di Luisa Bellina, Cierre, Verona 2019
Federico Tenca Montini Jure Ramšak, (Samo)upravljanje intelekta. Družbena Kritika v poznosocialistični Sloveniji, Modrijan, Todraž 2019
Francesca Bearzatto Stanislav Dekleva. Un ufficiale asburgico fra fedeltà e patria slovena. Dal fronte galiziano al poligono di Opicina (1915-1944), a c. di Marina Rossi, Roberto Todero, Gaspari, Udine 2019
Luca Zorzenon Lorenzo Tommasini, La personalità eccessiva. Scipio Slataper e Friedrich Hebbel, Ets, Pisa 2019
Gli autori di questo numero
Giulia Albanese è professore associato di Storia contemporanea all’Università di Padova. Si è occupata di storia del fascismo e dei fascismi e di crisi dello stato liberale. Tra le sue pubblicazioni: La marcia su Roma (Laterza, 2006; Routledge, 2019); Dittature mediterranee. Sovversioni fasciste e colpi di stato in Italia, Spagna, Portogallo (Laterza, 2016). Ha curato, con R. Pergher, In the society of Fascists: Acclamation, Acquiescience and Agency in Mussolini’s Italy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
Alberto Basciani è professore associato di Storia dell’Europa orientale all’Università Roma Tre. I suoi interessi di ricerca principali riguardano la storia politica dei paesi balcanici tra le due guerre mondiali. Ha da poco pubblicato The Other “Thermopylae” of Europe. Greater Romania and the Red Menace, nel volume, curato da Valentine Lomellini, The Rise of Bolshevism and its Impact on the Interwar International Order (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020). La sua ultima monografia è L’illusione della modernità. Il Sud-est dell’Europa tra le due guerre mondiali (Rubbettino, 2016). Sta per pubblicare con Egidio Ivetic, per i tipi del Mulino, un libro dedicato alle relazioni tra Italia e mondo balcanico dal rinascimento ai nostri giorni, è impegnato, infine, nella stesura di un volume sull’occupazione italiana dell’Albania (1939-1943).
Fabio Bego è un ricercatore indipendente. Ha studiato antropologia alla Sapienza e relazioni internazionali all’Università Roma Tre, dove nel 2017 ha conseguito un dottorato in Studi europei e internazionali presso la facoltà di Scienze politiche. Si occupa principalmente di questioni politiche e sociali dei Balcani in età tardo moderna e contemporanea e in particolare delle relazioni tra albanofoni e slavofoni. Recentemente ho pubblicato i saggi The Impact of Nationalism on Albanian-Slav Relations in Late Ottoman Macedonia: A Historiographical Review («Nationalities
Papers», 2019) e Beyond the Albanian-Slav Divide: Political Cooperation and National Identities in the Balkans at the Turn of the Twentieth Century («East European Politics, Societies: and Cultures», 2019).
Daniel Cain ha conseguito nel 2008 il dottorato di ricerca in storia all’Università di Bucarest, discutendo una tesi sulle relazioni diplomatiche romeno-bulgare all’inizio del XX secolo. Attualmente è senior researcher all’Institute for South-East European Studies della Romanian Academy. È autore e curatore di molti volumi sulle società romena e bulgara alla vigilia della prima guerra mondiale. Tra le sue pubblicazioni: The Image of the Bulgarian “Occupier” in Romanian Society (1916-1918), in Die unbekannte Front. Der Erste Weltkrieg in Rumänien, hrsg. G. Gahlen, D. Petrova, O. Stein (Campus, 2018); Conflicts over Dobruja during the Great War («Balcanica», 2018), Entre politique et éducation: le réseau consulaire du Vieux
Royaume de Roumanie dans l’Empire ottoman (1881-1913) («Études BalkaniquesCahiers Pierre Belon», 2017-2018).
Stefano Petrungaro insegna Storia dell’Europa orientale all’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. I suoi principali ambiti di ricerca sono la marginalità sociale e la storia del lavoro in Europa orientale, la storia culturale e sociale del tardo impero asburgico, i fenomeni violenti balcanici otto-novecenteschi, le memorie collettive, le storiografie e l’uso pubblico della storia. Tra le sue pubblicazioni: Ethics of Work and Discipline in Transition: Uljanik in the Late- and Post-Socialism («Review of Croatian History», 2019), Soup Kitchens and the Yugoslav Poor Relief between the Two World Wars («European Review of History» 2019), The Medical Debate about Prostitution and Venereal Diseases in Yugoslavia (1918-1941) («Social History of Medicine», 2019), Popular Protest Against Hungarian Symbols in Croatia (1883- 1903). A Study in Visual History («Cultural and Social History», 2016).
Stefano Santoro è ricercatore in Storia dell’Europa orientale all’Università di Trieste. Le sue ricerche si sono concentrate soprattutto sulle relazioni politiche e culturali fra l’Italia e i paesi dell’est europeo nel Novecento e sul nazionalismo romeno fra Otto e Novecento. Ha pubblicato i volumi L’Italia e l’Europa orientale. Diplomazia culturale e propaganda 1918-1943 (FrancoAngeli, 2005) e Dall’Impero asburgico alla Grande Romania. Il nazionalismo romeno di Transilvania fra Ottocento e Novecento (FrancoAngeli, 2014) ed è curatore, con F. Zavatti, del volume di prossima pubblicazione Clio nei socialismi reali. Il mestiere di storico nei regimi comunisti dell’Europa orientale (Unicopli, 2020).
Studi e ricerche
Studies and researches
La brutalizzazione della politica: una categoria storiografica in crisi?
di Giulia Albanese
The Brutalization of Politics: a Historiographical Category in Crisis?
The article aims to reflect again on the category of “brutalization of politics”, considering the way in which this category has defined post-WWI studies in Western Europe, above all, and how, at a distance of thirty years, we can rethink the use of this category.
Keywords: Violence, Brutalization of Politics, Fascism, Reaction
Parole chiave: Violenza, Brutalizzazione della politica, Fascismo, Reazione
La Jugoslavia postbellica: una moderna storia di conflitto e controllo sociale
di Stefano Petrungaro
Post-War Yugoslavia: a Modern History of Social Conflict and Control
The article aims at examining the post-war transition in Yugoslavia through the lens of the social conflict broadly speaking, ie. considering social tensions, discourses, and official measures taken for managing the socially marginal actors like prostitutes and beggars. The goal is testing, from this point of view, the most recent historiographical thesis about “phantom-borders” and post-imperial legacies. A second goal is to consider to what extent one of the most established approach for interpreting the experience of the first Yugoslavia, ie. focusing on the national conflicts, is useful for enlightening the postwar social transition of that country.
Keywords: Yugoslavia, Social Control, Prostitution, Beggary, Post-imperial Legacies
Parole chiave: Jugoslavia, Controllo sociale, Prostituzione, Accattonaggio, Lasciti postimperiali
La Romania e le annessioni di Transilvania e Bessarabia nel primo dopoguerra
di Stefano Santoro
Romania and the Annexations of Transylvania and Bessarabia in the First Post-War Period
At the end of WWI, after the annexation of the regions of Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia, Romania doubled its territory and consequently had to cope with the non-Romanian populations – new ethnic and religious minorities – which were included within its borders. In order to nationalize the Greater Romania, the Romanian ruling class resorted to centralizing policies, setting aside the requests for regional autonomy which had been part of the Transylvanian and Bessarabian national movements’ programs. Meanwhile, Greater Romania could rely on the support of the Western powers, earned as a bulwark against Hungarian communism and Russian Bolshevism in central and south-eastern Europe.
Keywords: Romania, Transylvania, Bessarabia, Nationalism, Bolshevism
Parole chiave: Romania, Transilvania, Bessarabia, Nazionalismo, Bolscevismo
An Unforgettable Autumn: Bulgaria and Its Withdrawal from the First World War
di Daniel Cain
In 1918, the Bulgarian army had to face poor morale, a much more fearful enemy than the Entente. Poorly equipped and undernourished, Bulgarian soldiers were concerned about their beloved ones at home, who suffered because of a shortage of food and profiteering. The number of civilians killed by diseases and famine was so high that, in many towns, women took to the streets. In the summer of the same year, a new government came to power, hoping to keep the situation under control. The victory of the Entente’s troops at Dobro Pole caused the collapse of the Bulgarian front. Thousands of rebelled soldiers marched towards Sofia. Withdrawing from the War was the only way out. On the same day when the rebelled troops were defeated in the suburbs of Sofia, an armistice was concluded at Salonika. Bulgaria was the first combatant in the camp of the Central Powers that exited from the Great War.
Keywords: Bulgaria, Central Powers, Entente, Internal Front, World War I
Parole chiave: Bulgaria, Potenze centrali, Entente, Fronte interno, Prima guerra mondiale
Violence and State-Building After the Great War: Italian, Yugoslav and Endemic Challenges to Albanian Projections
di Fabio Bego
This paper investigates the relation between violence and state-building in the aftermath of the Great War. In particular I analyse the way in which the experience of violence conditioned Albanians’ positioning toward their national identity and their state-building endeavours. In analogy to many studies published on the topic of violence and statebuilding, the research shows that violence against Italians and Yugoslavs who threatened the integrity of Albanian territorial claims and Albanian individuals or groups who were considered a menace to the national cause, contributed to consolidate the feelings
of national solidarity and to legitimate Albanian claims for self-determination. However, differently from most of current recent research, the analysis of the events displays that violence for state-building purposes had complex ethical and political implications which hindered the coherence of the Albanian national discourse and the state-building projections that it entailed. The employment of coercive means exposed Albanians’ vulnerability to the violence of internal and external actors who instead exploited violence to delegitimise Albanian self-determination claims. State-building violence created dissidence between Albanian political circles, generated contestation against the authority of the government and led political actors to question the overall value and function of their nation-state-building endeavours.
Keywords: Albania, Yugoslavia, Italy, Kosovo, Violence
Parole chiave: Albania, Jugoslavia, Italia, Kosovo, Violenza
Documenti e problemi
Records and issues
Il collezionista di guerre future. Un percorso nelle collezioni di Diego de Henriquez presso i Civici musei di Trieste*
di Giulia Iannuzzi
The Collector and the Wars to come. Exploring Diego de Henriquez’s Collections at the Museums of the City of Trieste
In a few unpublished projects and notes written between the 1950s and the early 1970s Diego de Henriquez, Italian ex-soldier and passionate collector, developed his reflections and designs for a “war museum for peace”, which he planned to establish in Trieste. These papers represent a rich and yet unexplored material and are today at the Civico museo di guerra per la pace “Diego de Henriquez” of the City of Trieste, along with de
Henriquez’s notable private collection of armaments, military tools and technologies, documents and books pertinent to the theme of war throughout history. This essay dwells on de Henriquez’s manuscripts, devoting specific attention to the popularization and educational purposes he foresaw for future exhibitions, and the role played by literary and visual works of fiction in his programmes, as well as in his library and collection of objects and works of art. Planning to devote the closing section of his war museum to future conflicts as imagined by writers and illustrators, in 1957 de Henriquez bought fifteen
original sketches made by Albert Robida for Pierre Giffard’s feuilleton La guerre infernale (1908) from a bookstand in Rome. This essay, enhancing the presence of these rare materials in Trieste, and accompanied by the publication of two of Robida’s sketches, offers some remarks on the representation of war violence in early-contemporary imagery and on the re-use of Robida’s work in de Henriquez’s programme.
Keywords: Diego de Henriquez, Civici musei di storia e arte di Trieste, Albert Robida, Representation of War, Exhibitionary Practices
Parole chiave: Diego de Henriquez, Civici musei di Storia e Arte di Trieste, Albert Robida, Immaginario bellico, Esposizione museale
Cephalonia: a non-shared History
The armistice of 8th September 1943 causes the disintegration of the Italian army. In Athens, the Commander of Italian troops in Greece, in contravention of the provisions of Rome, signs the surrender to the Nazis on 9th September. In Chephalonia, the commander of the garrison tries to obtain repatriation of the Acqui division without bloodshed. His behavior is ambiguous but, forced by the attitude of the troops and the order to resist from Rome, he opposes the German requests. After seven days of fighting, the Acqui division surrenders and, following the order given by Hitler in person, the Germans begin shooting the soldiers and most of the officers, including the Commander. Once the war is over, an operation is organized to defend the Commander’s memory from the accusation of excessive surrender to the enemy and serious errors in conducting the fight. Investigations and court proceedings follow, which provide material for a distorted reconstruction of the events that took place on the island. The article examines the causes
of these manipulations.
Keywords: Cephalonia, Armistice, Disintegration, Slaughter, Revisionism
Parole chiave: Cefalonia, Armistizio, Disintegrazione, Massacro, Revisionismo
